Ultrasonic irradiation in a continuous flow batch-mode system for essential oil extraction and in vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation
Keywords:
Albumin protein denaturation, Anti-inflammatory, Response surface methodology (RSM), Thyme, Ultrasound-assisted extractionAbstract
Thymus daenensis Celak, an endemic species of the Lamiaceae family, is widely used in traditional Persian medicine in Iran. In this study, a novel approach is presented to enhance the extraction of essential oil (EO) from dried aerial parts of the plant by integrating an online ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique into a continuous flow batch-mode system coupled with a Clevenger apparatus. A response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the interactions among key variables—temperature, extraction time, and feed-to-solvent (F/S) ratio. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be 30.06 °C, an F/S ratio of 14.52 g·L⁻¹, and an extraction time of 53.96 minutes. Under these conditions, the EO yield obtained via UAE was 10.51 mg·g⁻¹ of plant material, representing a 23.8% increase compared to the yield from the conventional method (8.49 mg·g⁻¹). Chemical composition analysis of the EO revealed that carvacrol (57.82%) and thymol (22.20%) were the predominant constituents. Ultrasound treatment also induced significant morphological alterations in the plant cell structure compared to traditional extraction techniques. Moreover, the EO extracted under optimal UAE conditions exhibited a notable anti-inflammatory effect, achieving 89% inhibition of albumin denaturation at a concentration of 900 µg·mL⁻¹.
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